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Wilson understands, as he blasts the lion dead, that Margot is a woman who needs to be dominated.

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īaker suggests that Wilson symbolizes the man free of woman (because he refuses to allow Margot to dominate him) or of fear the man Macomber wishes to be. Hemingway biographer Carlos Baker opines that Macomber loses his fear as the buffalo charges, and the loss of fear ushers Macomber into manhood, which Margot instantly kills. Tragically, Macomber's happiness is measured in hours, and indeed in minutes. When the cowardly husband, whose wife had made her way from Wilson's tent hours before, finds the courage to face the charging buffalo, he forges the identity he wants: the courage to face both wild animals and his wife. Wilson has courage but Macomber, who is afraid of lions, has none. Hemingway explains, Macomber is afraid of the lion’s roar and unnerved by his fear because “he did not know the Somali proverb.”

Macomber hears the roar of a lion and is unnerved because he has never “heard, as Hemingway pointedly states, the Somali proverb that says, ‘a brave man is always frightened three times by a lion: when he first sees his track, when he first hears him roar, when he first confronts him'. Mellow described the story as “one of Hemingway’s classic studies of fear”. The essence of 'The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber' is the contrast of courage and fear. 'The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber' was published in the September 1936 issue of Cosmopolitan and later in The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories (1938). Macomber, in the car, had shot at the buffalo with the 6.5 Mannlicher as it seemed about to gore Macomber and had hit her husband about two inches up and a little to one side of the base of his skull …” At the same time, Margot fires a shot from the car, which hits Macomber in the head and kills him.Īs told by the omniscient narrator, “… and Mrs. Wilson shoots as well, but the buffalo keeps charging. He stands his ground and fires, but his shots are too high. When they find the buffalo, it charges Macomber. Macomber, however, is confident this time, courageous. Wilson refocuses on Macomber and helps him track the wounded buffalo, ominously paralleling the previous day's lion hunt. The gun-bearers report that the first buffalo has not died and has gone into the tall grass. He even camps with a double cot in his tent in order to provide better service to women who feel a safari is not complete without sleeping with him to him, he is merely satisfying men and women's glorification of him as 'the great white hunter.' He has helped Francis stand up to his adulterous wife and has helped him kill a buffalo. Wilson is proud of Francis and feels his job as guide is done. Wilson senses a shift in her attitude toward her husband: feeling she now fears her husband's growing confidence. Margot shows anger for Francis' kill and transition from fear into confidence. Macomber and Wilson hunt together and shoot three, killing two but merely wounding the first, which retreats into the bush.

The next day the party hunts Cape buffalo. As Wilson puts it, this is Francis' chance to come of age, to become a man. Though Macomber hates Wilson he seems to “need” him. We also learn of Margot's adultery with Wilson on the night after. In flash-back, we experience Francis' cowardly run from his wounded and charging lion, dispatched by a scornful Wilson. This is Francis' thirty-five-year-old ' coming of age' story. Wilson is critical of Macomber, presented in interior monologue, but outwardly tries to shepherd Macomber toward a more accepted 'code' practiced by experienced hunters. Earlier, Francis had panicked when a wounded lion charged him, and Margot mocks Macomber for his cowardice.

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We learn from the white, professional hunter and guide, Robert Wilson, that the 'gun-bearers' and 'personal boys' speak Swahili and sometimes receive illegal lashings. 'The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber' is a third-person omniscient narrative with moments of unreliable interior monologue presented mainly through the points of view of the two leading male characters, Francis Macomber and Robert Wilson.įrancis Macomber and his wife Margot are on a big-game safari In Africa.